Ronald Reagan Was The Best President America - 2239 Words

Kelsi Bliss Mr. Glaza English II 23 April 2015 Do you believe Ronald Reagan was the best president America has ever had in office? Ronald Reagan brought a great recovery to America in the 1980s, 1983 to be exact. Reagan gave the military spending and increase. Reagan led to budget deficits and a more significant national debt. Reagan’s economic programs favored the rich. Ronald Reagan was one of America’s most valued presidents. He made a big change in society, Reagan made a difference; bringing peace and serenity throughout the nations. Ronald Reagan was the most influential and powerful president America has ever come to know. Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911. In Tampico, Illinois Reagan was the second of the sons to be born from their parents John â€Å"Jack† Edward Reagan and Nelle Wilson Reagan. Jack Reagan was a Democrat and was remembered for outspoken oppositions to racial discrimination. As for Reagan’s mother Nelle Reagan who was conservative, she gave sensational readings to people at women’s groups,jails and hospitals. During Reagan’s childhood it contained a sequence of moves. Then the Reagan family settled in Dixon, Illinois when Reagan was nine years old. Where Jack Reagan opened a shoe store, that business did not last very long. So then Jack Reagan later then held a negligible government job apportion relief checks during the Great Depression. Nelle Reagan was an heartfelt religious member of the Disciples of christ church NelleShow MoreRelatedRonald Wilson Reagan And The President Of The United States Of America1717 Words   |  7 PagesRona ld Wilson Reagan was the fortieth president of the United States of America. He was a member of the Republican party. He served two terms as the president. He was shot in attempted assassination attempt by John Hinckley Jr. These are the simple facts that most everybody knows. But what was his personal life like? Did he ever have a family? Was he always a politician, or more specifically was he always a member of the Republican party? These are the questions that not everybody knows the answersRead MoreRonald Reagan s President Of The United States1129 Words   |  5 Pagespeople elected Ronald Reagan as President of the United States of America. Many people claim that Reagan was one of the greatest presidents of all time, while others believe that the country would have been much better off had Reagan never been elected. Regardless of their political preferences, it is undeniable that Ronald Reagan changed the world in the 1980s and his work as president will be forever remember ed in the countless books of history. Ronald Reagan ran as a Republican and was the absoluteRead MoreRonald Regan1033 Words   |  5 PagesRonald Reagan, My American Hero October 5, 2014 English 101 Ronald Reagan was more than just our nation’s 40th President, he was a remarkable leader. Winning the Governor election by more than 1 million votes, and President of the United States for two terms, America was needing a fearless figure in front of economic, domestic and international threats this nation was experiencing. He brought lower tax rates, negotiated the nuclear arms treaty with the Soviet Union, and influencedRead MoreThe Legacy of Ronald Reagan1004 Words   |  5 PagesRonald Reagan is to this date the oldest serving president, and the effects of his presidency have affected not only the United States of America but most of the world as well. The consensus among historians is that Ronald Reagan left a lasting legacy that was a great one in numerous ways. His Reaganomics improved America’s economy greatly, and secured its future economic prosperity. He also fought communism head on and was able to end it in most parts of the world, but more importantly in SovietRead MoreAll about Ronald Raegan932 Words   |  4 PagesGod intends he should become.†- Ronald Raegan (Hawkins, 2012). This is just one of the amazing quotes that lead Ronald Raegan to be known as the â€Å"Great Communicator.† Marilyn Brayton stated, â€Å"Ronald Raegan was known as one of the most popular, and best presidents we have ever had in our country!† He was known for being very strong willed, and fought to achieve â€Å"peace through strength† (The White House, â€Å"Ronald Raegan†), and he did just that! Ronald Raegan was born on February 6, 1911 in TampicoRead MoreIb Hl History Ia1632 Words   |  7 PagesHL History Internal Assessment Was President Ronald Reagan the reason for the Cold War’s conclusion? Word Count: 1,634 Was President Ronald Reagan the reason for the Cold War’s conclusion? A. Plan of Investigation This investigation focuses on the impact that President Ronald Reagan had on ending the Cold War between the United States of America and the Soviet Union during the 1980’s. The use of historian argumentation, primary sources, such as Ronald Reagan’s Address to the Nation on DefenseRead MoreRonald Legacy Of Ronald Reagan1479 Words   |  6 PagesRonald Reagan is known for many things; however, he is most often recognized for his presidency. Not only was he a president, he was also a former athlete, Hollywood actor, and devoted husband and father. Ronald Reagan was one of the most influential and respected men of his time, known for his traditional morals, values, and beliefs that make him one of the best presidents that America has ever seen. Although Ronald Reagan eventually came to lead a glamorous lifestyle, his beginnings were much moreRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ronald Wilson Reagan1373 Words   |  6 PagesBackground Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois, to Nellie Wilson and John Edward Jack Reagan. Early on he established the nickname Dutch, because his father thought he resembled a fat little Dutchman. During Ronald’s early years, his family moved from town to town, finally settling in Dixon, Illinois, in 1920. In 1928, Reagan graduated from Dixon High School, where he was student body president, an athlete and also performed in school plays. During mostRead MoreRonald Reagan: The 40th President of the United States Essay532 Words   |  3 PagesOn February 6, 1911, Ronald Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois. His parents were Nelle and John Reagan. Ronald Reagans father, Jack Reagan mostly sold shoes. He was a part owner of a shoe store. His mother worked as a sales clerk and seamstress at a local dress shop. Ronald did have a brother his name was Neil, he was a couple years older than him. Ronald Reagan did have a great education, He attended high school in nearby Dixon, and after that he decided to go and attend collage over in EurekaRead MoreRonald Reagan Is The Most Influential Man Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe year is 1980. America is in a slump. Unemployment rate is at an all-time high, families and the economy are still recovering from the Vietnam War, and are suffering from the failure of the presidency of Jimmy Carter. The U.S. economy is in the worst state it has been in since the Great Depression - inflation is at 13.5 percent, unemployment is at 9.5 percent and the federal discount rate is at 14 percent. But after 8 years, Ronald Reagan will turn the country inside out, and make the world a

Essay on Rhetorical Analysis Against School - 895 Words

Rhetorical Analysis: Against School In the essay, Against School, John Taylor Gatto, expresses his strong belief in middle diction of how students in the typical public schooling system are conformed to low-standard education in order to benefit the society much more than the student themselves; causing schooling to be unnecessary as opposed to education . He believes that children and teachers are caught in extreme boredom as a result of repeated material. This boredom also causes a lack of maturity and independence in the students. Gatto wrote this essay in 2003 which appeared in Harper’s magazine. He gathered these observations during his 30 years of teaching in the best and worst schools of New York City. In 1991, he was named the†¦show more content†¦Gatto having been a teacher for years and writing various books on education made the argument much more effective and easier to accept his opinion. Another mode of development Gatto used in his essay was compare/con trast. Gatto shows his opinion by saying, â€Å"if we wanted to we could easily and inexpensively jettison the old, stupid structures and help kids take an education rather than merely receive a schooling† (149). He then questions if â€Å"we really need school?† Not meaning education, â€Å"just forced schooling† (149). Gatto obviously shows a contrast of â€Å"schooling† and â€Å"education†. Notice he emphasizes the difference between â€Å"receive schooling† and â€Å"take an education† which is also another mode, extended definition. Another compare/contrast he shows in the essay is how a number of American heroes were never involved in a school system, yet they still were incredibly smart and managed to succeed while making an indent in history. But now in the modern world â€Å"we have been taught (that is, schooled) in this country to think of ‘success’ as synonymous with, or at least dependent upon, ‘scho oling’, but historically that isn’t true in either an intellectual or a financial sense† (Gatto 150). This also is indeed a very effective argument, simply because he uses factual history and the modern world to show a compare and contrast. Gatto uses middle dictionShow MoreRelatedImproving The Work Force Of Apprenticeships820 Words   |  4 Pagesthe readers by using the rhetorical analysis using logos, ethos, and pathos. Robert I. Lerman is in favor of using apprenticeships in today’s workforce for millions of Americans. He uses rhetorical analysis to appeal to the readers. The first one is pathos which is using feelings, desires, or fears to influence readers. â€Å"A large-scale apprenticeships system will help the United States deal with several chronic problems. They include disengagement among high school students; stagnant wages amongRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of `` A Letter And The Editor ``987 Words   |  4 Pagesengaging in rhetorical writing, it can be difficult for individuals to remain objective and grounded. Often times individuals will neglect to properly employ the rhetorical appeals in a manner that supports their claim. The author who wrote â€Å"A Letter to the Editor† failed to construct a compelling argument. The authors argument has numerous inadequacies that inevitably fail to persuade the desired audience to support his or hers point of view. The authors arg ument is devoid of objective analysis, properRead MoreCritical Reading And Writing Course995 Words   |  4 PagesSeminar in Critical Reading and Writing course. I did not know anything about rhetoric before entering the class and I now feel that I have a good grasp on it. I still struggle a bit remembering some of the rhetorical terms, but I am way more comfortable and familiar with them now. In high school I never really summarized pieces, instead I would quote them. I now feel confident in my abilities to summarize and paraphrase accurately which is a really useful skill to have. Before this course I knew howRead Moreplug in drug Essay676 Words   |  3 Pagesact of watching television affect the developing childrens relationship with the real world?† In the essay â€Å"Television: The plug in Drug,† by author Marie Winn, the author examines television’s impact on children. The author uses rhetorical devices such as causal analysis to support her argument on television non-effectiveness on society and cause and effect to illustrate and persuade the unaware attitude of parents towards television. This is an essay on how television affects children’s and howRead MoreCrime Scene Investigator Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesJob description and requirements: against the law scene investigator is, often, a member of enforcement United Nations agency is liable for characteristic, collecting, preserving, and packaging physical proof at the scene of against the law. against the law Scene Investigator is liable for operating with enforcement to secure the scene on forestall the contamination of proof. characteristic and marking the areas of the crime scene. Collecting, preserving, and packaging the physical proof. 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Serial is a spinoff series from parent podcast This American Life, which details the investigation and reinvestigation of a brutal 1999 murder involving high school lovers of the Baltimore area. Friedersdorf’s piece not only comes to defend Serial’s honor,Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Sinners In The Hands Of An Angry God1219 Words   |  5 PagesEdwards â€Å"Sinners† Rhetorical Analysis Imagine you are a Puritan, it is the Great Awakening, and one of the most well-known preachers of the time is telling you that there is a good chance you are going to hell. Without some serious skills in persuasion, this statement wouldn’t mean anything. Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God speech was extremely effective in persuading the Puritans to take their religious beliefs more seriously due to his use of many rhetorical devices such as:Read MoreClass Reflection Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the time that I was in high-school I have taken many English classes leading up to this Ivy Tech class. During my freshman year I was required to participate in English 9 which required students to do more reading than writing. During my sophomore year I took English 10 that involved more reading. Then last year I took AP Language and Composition for college credits. Reading and writing were split 50/50. We were required to read a new book every nine wee ks and be quizzed. We also wroteRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Michelle Obamas Speech900 Words   |  4 Pages A Rhetorical Analysis of Michelle Obama’s 2016 DNC Speech At the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, Michelle Obama the first lady at the time, was endorsing the democratic candidate, Hillary Clinton. Using her personal connection with the president and Hillary Clinton, Michelle Obama creates a more personal speech. With her credibility as first lady, use of her family and her platform she lead as first lady, she persuades the audience to spread Hillary Clinton’s campaign message

Water Purification In The Coming Decades Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

This article was written by six academicians related to a work for The Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems ( NSF STC WaterCAMPWS, University of Illinois, USA ) . They are working for assorted sections which are suited for this research at different universities. The WaterCAMPWS plants for new engineerings for H2O intervention. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Purification In The Coming Decades Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( 1 ) This article focuses on recent engineering for disinfection, decontamination, re-use and desalinization methods to better H2O quality. It describes the importance of H2O and H2O jobs, moreover it gives information about the H2O intervention systems utilizing today and will be used in the hereafter. It besides makes comparings to place the advantages and the disadvantages of H2O intervention systems. It is suited for anyone who wants to be informed about H2O purification techniques. A individual who has the proficient substructure about H2O and H2O intervention can understand more easy this article. While reading sometimes troubles may be encountered to understand this article but in general linguistic communication of the article was clear. At the first portion of the article writers mention the importance of the H2O, pollutants H2O job and new H2O intervention engineerings. Water job is explained clearly by utilizing singular Numberss but they do non give the day of the month and beginnings about Numberss. In add-on to the state of affairs at the article, developed and developing states are provided the illustrations of the H2O state of affairss to do the H2O job more apprehensible. Water is needed for populating beings to last and there is life on the Earth thanks to H2O. ( 2 ) Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) H2O may incorporate bacteriums, suspended atoms, parasites, viruses, organic chemicals, heavy metals and dissolvers above the allowed sum for illustration, Escherichia coli and arsenic degree bound is should be less than 10 A ; Icirc ; ?g/l ( WHO report, 2008 ) ( 2-3 ) The riddance of unwanted stuffs, chemicals, contaminations, drosss, microorganism is called H2O purification which is a cleansing procedure. ( 4 ) Clean H2O demand is lifting twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours because of increasing in population, H2O deficit and users competition. ( 5 ) If people accessed clean drinkable H2O easy, it would be a wholly positive consequence on wellness. Unfortunately, WHO report in 2007 shows that 1.1 billion people can non make the clean H2O and 1.8 million people die desiccation from diarrheal because of safe H2O job each twelvemont h. Hearth jobs, encephalon stokes, HIV/AIDS, acute respiratory diseases, chronic lung diseases are some wellness jobs which are caused by diarrheal. ( 3 ) The recent H2O intervention activities are non safe, sustainable and sufficient plenty but they can be develop such as energy efficient systems, renewable purification. ( 2 ) New coevals H2O intervention systems, which are based on such as disinfection, flocculation, deposit and decontamination engineerings, should be developed to take bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens more efficaciously. ( 9 ) At the beginning of 4000 B.C. people tried to do imbibing H2O better in gustatory sensation and odor. Some intervention methods were developed such as sand filtration, disinfection by sunshine and boiling after 1500 B.C. ( 9 ) At 1600 A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s desalinization experiments began and around 1800 A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s the first H2O purification works was built in Scotland. During the twentieth century, people focused on imbibing H2O quality particularly taking the pathogens. In 1914 The U.S. Public Health Service prepared criterions about imbibing H2O and which were revised by the Public Health Service in 1925, 1946 and 1962. ( 9-3 ) Disinfection is the procedure of the deactivating or destroying of infective micro-organisms present in H2O. ( 10 ) In the paper, extended information about disinfection methods and the comparing between germicides were written. Writers give information about how the disinfection processes can command the viruses but I think this is unneeded item about the topic. Using sunshine ( solar ) was the first application of disinfection. ( 10 ) The most common disinfection methods are free Cl and Cl related chemicals because of cost and easy handiness, they eliminate the life stuffs by oxidization of cell wall compounds. Free Cl ( Cl2 ) is so effectual method but Cl is a really unsafe chemical and it produces toxic disinfection byproduct DBPs for illustration trihalomethanes. ( 11 ) The method of utilizing solid Ca hypochlorite ( Ca ( ClO ) 2.4H2O – 65 % Cl ) as a germicide has a batch of restrictions such as corrosion and gustatory sensation jobs. Another germicide is sodium hypochlo rite ( NaClO ) solution ( 5-15 % Cl ) which can non be stored easy. ( 11 ) Viruss, barm, spores, bacteriums, and casts can be killed by ozone disinfection method. Ozonation method is more effectual than Cl method and it does non bring forth any danger byproducts. ( 10 ) There are some disadvantages of this method for illustration, it is non easy engineering, low doses are non plenty to kill pathogens and it is dearly-won. ( 11 ) Ultraviolet visible radiation ( UV ) can be used for demobilizing pathogens by photochemical reactions in the RNA and DNA which is the consequence of light soaking up. ( 10 ) It is efficaciously and for this method the contact clip is short, there are non toxic or non-toxic byproducts but it can non utilize H2O which includes suspended stuff. The new method is use Cl with UV and ozone which is really effectual method to extinguish bacteriums, protozoa cysts and some critical pathogens. The solar photocatalysis disinfection which means violent death of pathog ens by utilizing the photocatalysis of TiO2 is the future method for H2O disinfection. ( 12 ) The usage of nanoscale scientific discipline in the H2O intervention systems, which includes nanocatalysts, nanostructure membranes, bioactive nanoparticles, nanoparticles filtration, nanosorbants, is the futuristic disinfection method. Nanoparticles which have big surface countries will be the best stuffs for H2O purification systems in the close term. Today, the major challenges of nanomaterials are the integrating of H2O purification procedure, cost effectual and design jobs. ( 5 ) In the article another method is described called, the H2O decontamination which is the procedure of extinguishing the harmful substances ( chemicals, beings, heavy metals, radioactive stuffs ) from the H2O. In this subdivision of article, writers try to explicate some jobs about mensurating and sensing of compounds concentrations, modeling, and redress schemes. Rearward osmosis, man-made rosins, activated C, sand filtration are the some methods to take contaminations from the H2O. ( 13 ) The best intervention method which supplies the most purified H2O is non clear. The finding of contaminant type and concentration are every bit of import as the decontamination engineering. The advanced research lab engineering is necessary for mensurating of low concentration of toxic compound for illustration Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophometery and UV-Spectrophometry can be used to analyze arsenic. ( 13 ) Chromatography and mass spectrometry which have the drawbacks such as cost, sensitiveness and efficient ; are the old but the most common engineerings. Catalytic Deoxyribonucleic acid is the recent system for proving heavy metals in the H2O and the traditional methods for this are X-Ray Fluorescence, some chemical trials and Inductively Coupled Plasma. ( 13 ) The biosensoring engineering is defined as the usage nanoscale or microscale biological detectors to observe contaminations with high sensitiveness. The technological development about biosensors is necessary to find the toxicity of H2O intervention procedure. ( 14 ) Highly treated H2O can be called rescued H2O which is the low cost option of drinkable H2O. If we consider the sum of consumed H2O per twenty-four hours, remained H2O on the Earth and the growing of population, the reuse of rescued H2O is perfectly necessary. Some of the utilizations of rescued H2O are irrigation, industrial activities and groundwater recharge. ( 15 ) Since historical times wastewater has been used but it became attractive two or three decennaries ago. ( 16 ) There are several methods for rescued H2O, such as chlorination, filtration and biological systems which have been used since early 1800s. ( 15 ) Authors give information about some recent methods such as membrane bioreactors and filtration. For the biological intervention ultrafiltration and microfiltration engineerings have been understood to supply high quality purified H2O. ( 17 ) Today activated sludge procedure, which is another biological intervention method, are designed for high public presentation. ( 1 8 ) The membrane bioreactor ( MBR ) method is comparatively new intervention engineering which is based on liquid-solid separation and its applications are going acceptable twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours for little graduated table with high quality of H2O. ( 17-18 ) Membrane bioreactor procedure has some advantages compared to the activated sludge procedure such as more compact reactor, smaller footmark for high concentration, higher assorted spirits suspended solids concentration ( for MBR procedure mean concentration 8-12 g/l ) . The most of import drawback of MBR method is some footings such as flow issues should be developed. ( 18 ) The cleansing of membrane and dynamic effects such as aeration loss, saline invasion and backflush loss are the two parametric quantities which affects the public presentation of MBR engineering. The betterments about stuff features, lasting fouling, cost and membrane cleansing procedure should be done for this procedure. The mean one-year gr owing rate 10.9 % is estimated for the planetary MBR market. ( 19 ) Reverse osmosis ( RO ) is a liquid membrane method which removes dissolved stuffs. The combination of MBR and RO is extremely efficient which provides 67 % H2O recycling at the lowest cost. ( 20 ) Desalination is a method that separates the salt from H2O. The oldest procedure to take salt from H2O is boiling. Thermal distillment method and natural the hydrologic rhythm work same manner and in the early 1900s, membrane system was developed. There are three types of thermic methods viz. ; multi-stage flash distillment, multi-effect distillment and vapour compaction distillment. ( 21 ) The advantages of desalinization by distillment are low operating and care cost, minimum environmental consequence and the extremely purified H2O production, the disadvantages are high degree cognition and big capacity workss. ( 22 ) Electrodialysis, Electrodialysis reversal and change by reversal osmosis are the three chief membrane procedures for desalinization. ( 21 ) Simple systematic construction, taking organic and inorganic contaminations and high production/capacity ratio are the advantages on the other manus the necessity of pre-treatment measure, the trouble of cleaning membrane and decre asing in flow rate are the drawbacks of membrane procedures. ( 22 ) Entire figure of desalinization works is about 1400 ( 80 % Membrane desalinization, 20 % Thermal desalinization ) . Rearward osmosis desalinization procedure includes four parts ; pre-treatment, hard-hitting pumps, membrane systems and post-treatment. ( 21 ) Hybrid desalinization method can be defined as the comparing of thermic and membrane desalinization procedure which generates power. The advantages of this procedure are utilizing less energy, low cost of building and high works efficiency. Nowadays the RO and simple intercrossed multistage flash constellation are really popular. The advantages of incorporate systems are good thermic efficiency and high quality purified H2O. ( 23 ) The Low-cost Desalination Collaboration procedure is freshly design of rearward osmosis procedure which demonstrates the H2O with a good design. ( 21 ) Carbon nanotubes have the specific electrical, chemical and mechanical characteris tics. In the hereafter, nanotubes will let us to desalt cheaply but there are some challenges, we have to confront about this method like capital cost and hard mechanism. Carbon nanotubes, Biomimetic membranes and forward osmosis are following coevals systems for desalinization. ( 8-21 ) In this subdivision of the article the figure about contrary osmosis and activate desalinization ( figure 5 ) makes apprehensible the procedures. The information in the book related to entropy and energy computation is the high-ranking information about the topic. This article contains extended cognition about the H2O intervention systems. Writers clearly conclude solutions of H2O intervention systems. I have some cognition about H2O purification before fixing this study but while composing I learned tonss of information about new H2O intervention techniques from article and mentions. This research was made in 2008, it is a technological topic because of this when research is carried out is really of import. Some current H2O intervention techniques need intensive energy and chemicals. We should better the non lone H2O intervention systems but besides monitoring, mensurating, patterning and direction systems to present safe and clean H2O to everybody. As a consequence, we need new, sustainable, environmental and cheap purification methods. Science and engineering for H2O purification in the coming decennaries by M.A. Shannon, P.W. Bohn, M. Elimelech, J.G. Giorgiadis, B.J. Marinas, A.M. Hayes, Nature 452 ( 2008 ) 301-310 A ; Atilde ;  ¶ How to cite Water Purification In The Coming Decades Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Competitive Strategy Business and Sustainability

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy for Business and Sustainability. Answer: Intreoduction: Strategy is the smart allocation of limited resources by a distinctive system of activities so that customer-serving processes in competition are outperformed. The word strategy comes from Greek word strat?gos that is actually extracted from two words: stratus (military) and ago (old Greek word for leading) (Grant and Jordan 2015). Strategy is another form of a leadership plan. The base of a good strategy is properly diagnosing challenges, developing guiding policies and creating rational policies and actions. At the same time, strategy is the course charted for the imagined journey and the course steered for the trip actually made. It is a general system, which gives direction to moves to be made and, in the meantime, is molded by the moves made. This implies the essential precondition for defining strategy is an unmistakable and far-reaching comprehension of the closures to be received. Without these closures in view, activity is tactical and can rapidly deteriorate into just a thr ashing about (Meyer and Staggenborg 2012). Making a business strategy is a center management function. It must be said that having a decent strategy and executing the strategy well, does not ensure achievement. Associations can confront unanticipated conditions and unfriendly conditions through no blame of their own (Aras and Crowther 2012). Pharmaceutical industry all over the world is known to be investing hugely in RD and innovation. The industry has even seen the results patent-protected, high margin revenue streams and lucrative businesses all over. However, with the fast moving world the pharmaceutical industry also felt the need to alter its strategies to match up with the competition. The changes place high demands on customers, suppliers and manufacturers (New Opportunities Strategies in the Pharmaceutical Industry 2012). Taking GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) as an example, it can be observed that they have attempted to increase their market share and profitability by adopting latest innovative strategies in the market. However, they are in need of further improving their profitability and revenue margins. The latest strategies in the pharmaceutical market include the blockbuster model strategy that says that a couple of major drugs manufacturing are sufficient to take on preliminary investment for a large amount of ma nufactured drugs. However, the appropriate strategy for GSK and pharmaceutical industry in general would be to develop a competent strategic vision and standard, along with concentration on fluctuating customer preferences and behavior. New technologies are most definitely needed for advancement, but that should be planned properly before implementing. GSK and the other pharmaceutical companies must keep in mind that their approach should be multidimensional and identify the target customers for better market access. The focus ought to be on high value customer segment for the pharmaceutical products, as they would provide the companies with the proper growth, empowerment and profitability for future investments. One very important thing to keep in mind is that the products and strategy must be patient-centric (). What is Business Model Innovation? Business model innovations (BMI) have reshaped whole enterprises and redistributed billions of dollars of value. Business model innovation is about essentially reconsidering the business around an unmistakablehowever not generally self-evidentclient requirement, then realigning the assets, procedures and benefit equation with this new value proposition. It is difficult and can remove decision makers from their customary ranges of familiarity. Nevertheless, the outcomes can be exceptional (Matzler et al. 2013). Business model innovation is presumably the most difficult of the innovation sorts, as it will probably give association real necessities for change. Frequently, the very abilities or procedures that have been streamlined to make an organization effective and gainful will turn into the objectives for change. Dissimilar to different sorts of innovation, changes to the business model oblige changes to the foundational choices whereupon the business works. Nevertheless, business m odel innovation will probably be radical, and much of the time, transformational (Massa and Tucci 2013). Changing a business model can look extremely alluring because of the various cases referred to in business books and writing. Noteworthy victories are ascribed to business model innovation, and everybody needs to copy that achievement. While business model changes appear to be engaging, this kind of innovation challenges the foundational choices basic to the present business, disturbing the very structure that is as of now paying the bills. This recommends finding the correct time for a business model change is principal to achievement. The organization's brand speaks to guarantees conveyed in its value propositions. There is a time when proposed business model changes can expel the establishment that supports the brand, and maybe more essentially, the business personality. At the point when this happens, business model innovation may recommend rebuilding of the organization. At last, the business model outline must be adjusted to the business character for any probability of an effective innovation result (Amit and Zott 2012). In Australia, family farms are the foundation of the broad acre agriculture area. Be that as it may, the gainfulness and specialized proficiency crevice between top performing farms and the normal ranch is growing, to a great extent because of administration and capital requirements that are restricting selection of existing advances. The greater part of driving farms are claimed and worked by family bodies; in any case, corporate farms and different agribusiness organizations are progressively showing up at the front line of innovation selection. For example, Corporate Farming Australia (Glencore Grains Australia) follows the contract farming business model of leasing and owning dry land and irrigated croplands all across Australia. This form of model requires varying levels of input capital and decision-making, which becomes difficult for organizations to provide at all times (Wang, Wang and Delgado 2014). Glencore Grains has been facing the same issue, with incidents of absent la ndowners and insufficient capital. In such cases, a hybrid business model would be extremely beneficial for the association. It would involve a joint-venture arrangement, where Glencore can lease their lands to a new company and jointly manage the lands under a single board of management. This model would also help enhancing the forms of capital for Glencore, by optimizing scale efficiencies and facilitating the process of labor specialization. This model can be seen extensively used in the Mallee region of South Australia. For companies to increase productivity and benefits they must continue to bring in new approaches in their business models. References Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2012. Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), p.41. Aras, G. and Crowther, D. eds., 2012.Business Strategy and Sustainability(Vol. 3). Emerald Group Publishing. Grant, R.M. and Jordan, J.J., 2015.Foundations of strategy. John Wiley Sons. Massa, L. and Tucci, C.L., 2013. Business model innovation.The Oxford Handbook of Innovafion Management, pp.420-441. Matzler, K., Bailom, F., Friedrich von den Eichen, S. and Kohler, T., 2013. Business model innovation: coffee triumphs for Nespresso.Journal of Business Strategy,34(2), pp.30-37 Meyer, D.S. and Staggenborg, S., 2012. Thinking about strategy.Strategies for social change,37, p.1. New Opportunities Strategies in the Pharmaceutical Industry. 2012. 38th ed. [ebook] Europe: Management Centre Europe, pp.1-52. Available at: https://cdn.mce.eu/eu/uploads/2016/05/Pharma-Industry-Executive-Issue-38-2012.pdf [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Wang, H.H., Wang, Y. and Delgado, M.S., 2014. The transition to modern agriculture: contract farming in developing economies.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,96(5), pp.1257-1271.

Theron Fidiam Essays - North Maine Woods, Business,

Theron Fidiam Eng. 101 Professor Blois 10 October 2017 The Fall of the Paper Mill in Maine In the 60's production at the mills in Maine were booming. The demand for paper and paper products were at an all-time high. Maine had many large pulp and paper mills throughout the state. This was a time before recycling went main stream and the demand for paper was fierce. We were evolving globally, and everything was documented and stored on paper. The mills throughout Maine were in full swing and workers were making a decent living. In Millinocket, Maine the Katahdin mill was the largest in the world, employing 4500 people and that was just one of many in the state. This was a time when a job at a paper mill was coveted. In many cases the entire town worked at the mill enjoying financial security the mill brought. The mill was the life blood of many communities. No one could imagine the decline of the paper mill in Maine was only 20 years away. In the 70's production was around the clock at the mills and in felt as though nothing would change in the industry. Workers could provide for their families, purchase a home and enjoy the peace of mind the job brought. In many communities the mill helped with social costs in addition to their tax responsibility which brought financial stability to the region. This was a time when the demand for paper was at an all-time high. With increased production came more waste and emissions. The mill was the epi-center of financial stability in the community, consequently, no one spoke of the environmental problems that were imminent. The late 1980's the Environmental Protection Agency imposed new procedures, for the disposal of waste. the cost of business went up in the industry. (U.S. News) Behind the scenes the industry was dealing with substantial fines due to pollution and waste disposal practices. The mill was breaking environmental rules, viewed as crimes to some state legislators.(Kingsbury) This prompted aggressive pollution prevention efforts throughout the mills. As a result, there was a huge wage freeze on the employees. The price "to go green", was having a negative impact in the minds of the Union. (U.S. News). These new policies meant production equipment had to be updated and procedures had to be changed to meet new standards, all at a cost to the facility. Money was being spent to follow the principles of industrial ecology, moreover, employees were not getting their wage increases as expected prompting unrest in the industry. In Jay, Maine 1200 union workers at International Paper went on strike over the wage freeze. Technology was ushering in the millennia, making way for a paperless way of communicating. Computers were allowing people to contact one another with writing a letter, we were seeing more electronic billing and banking. This new reality would evolve and send the paper industry into a whirlwind. Mills across the state were laying off workers year after year. First it would start with the shutdown of a major production machine, then employee layoffs would follow. This trend was common across the state. The new wave of technological growth meant faster and easier ways of doing business for the average person, although, for the paper industry it meant a massive decline in demand for their product. Of course, the need for paper still exists, we use and consume and a variety of paper goods. Still technology slowed down the mills in Maine and decreased production, resulting in lost jobs and forcing many into early retirement. Some Mainers feel it was inevitable paper production slowed giving the worlds technological growth. Unfortunately, it came with economic hardships for many towns across Maine. Today, some of the mills in Maine are still running with just a fraction of the work force from years past. Demand for paper and paper products push minimal production at mills around the state. In the morning at any small-town eatery or coffee shop that looms in the shadow of the abandon smoke stack left by a dying industry, you will hear talk of the way it used to be at the mill. Old timers boast about hard earned injuries

A Boy Called It essays

A Boy Called It essays The story A Child Called It, by David Pelzer is one of the most astonishing chronicles about his survival through child abuse. The biography is viewed through the childs eyes for the purpose to help others heal from traumatic pasts. The story of David Pelzers childhood is imperative to be available to readers because of the life lessons the book bestow and the quality of Pelzers compelling writing. A Child Called It is basically about one childs courage to survive. During the 1970s, Pelzers child abuse was recorded to be the third most severe in the state of California. He endured both physical and mental cruelty to his emotionally unstable, alcoholic mother, Catherine Roerva. David Pelzer was brutally beaten, starved, and tortured so much that she no longer considered him a son or a boy, but just it. Many lessons can apply to the book and one can interpret the theme in dissimilar ways. I believe the storys primary lesson is that ones courage and willpower is liable to facilitate ones survival. Life will go on no matter how atrocious circumstances seem. I wanted to show the bitch that she could beat me only if I died, and I was determined not to give in, even to death. [Pg. 91] The passage shows David Pelzer willpower and determination; he believed he could win and attain his mothers torture and cruelty. Even though his ambition to survive consisted of loathing his mother, the lesson exemplifies how good determination can result in triumph. Overall, the biography of David Pelzers childhood was ghastly. Though each struggle he goes though, the reader can find himself enduring his pain, comforting his loneliness, and fighting for his will to survive. The detail Pelzer writes gives the readers an awakening to the truth about child abuse. When his mother forces David to eat ammonia, he vividly describes My thro...

Telephone interview for the London Borough of Newtown Essay

Telephone interview for the London Borough of Newtown - Essay Example Through this question, it was found that almost half of the respondents; interviewed through telephone, were satisfied with the particular service of caretaking; removal of litter. The number of respondents personally satisfied was 165 (almost 62% of total respondents). On contrary, it was found that the number of respondents not personally satisfied were not far behind. The number of respondents dissatisfied with the caretaking service; removal of litter, were 99 (almost 37%). This question is an extension of the earlier question. The aim of this question is to analyze the personal level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction regarding the cleaning on bin areas. It was found through the responses that 164 of the respondents were personally satisfied with their caretaking service; cleaning of bin areas. On the other hand, only 70 of the total respondents were dissatisfied with this particular caretaking service. This question is yet another expansion of the earlier question. This question was aimed to analyze the satisfaction and dissatisfaction level of respondents regarding the maintenance of communal lighting. Through this particular question, it was found that only 72 of the respondents were personally dissatisfied with the maintenance of communal lighting; component of caretaking services. On the other hand, the number of respondents satisfied with this particular service was more than double as compared to respondents that were dissatisfied (i.e. 183), representing 69 percent of the total respondents. To further analyze the personal satisfaction and dissatisfaction level of respondents they were inquired regarding the cleaning of rubbish chute areas by the caretaking services. The responses provided by the respondents gave a lot of exposure as it was found that only 70 out of 266 respondents were highly satisfied with this service. On the other hand, it was also found that only 31 of the total respondents were

Lecture Summaries #2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lecture Summaries #2 - Coursework Example Some tribes disputed the Euro-Americans settlement. The United States government later made agreements with Indian leaders for their communities to reside in reserves. However, many Americans did not stay true to this agreement. The Federal Indian Policy saved land for Indians to settle on. The policy also entailed the signing of new agreements that controlled how Indians lived and exploited this reserve land. Conflicts between plains Indians and Euro-American colonists included neglect of signed agreements, lack of enforcement of the Federal Indian Policy by American agents, and refusal of some Indians to relocate to reserves. Violence between Plains Indians and Euro-American colonists broke out in the early 1860s with the army frequently attacking nonviolent Indians. In the process, two massacres ensued in 1864 and 1890. In 1887, the Dawes Severalty Act was passed to perceive of Indians as individuals and make them conform to the United States law. The Dawes Severalty Act was problematic in the sense that a lot of the land put up for sale was unsuitable for farming. In addition, allocating land was an extremely delayed process. As a result, the government came up with new settlements, boundaries, and provinces that saw a radical rise in population in the west. Linked themes in the expansion of west and its railways include the Homestead Act and removal of Indian tribes. Terms of this expansion included the calibration and merging of landowners. These processes included surveys and issuing of land grants as gifts. However, a majority of these processes were fraudulent because they were carried out with the Indians and Americans had the upper hand. Railways were crucial for expanding the west and introducing new governments, farming, and cattle rearing. Railways added to the deterioration of the traditional Indian livelihood. Railways also backed the expansion of municipalities and

Indwelling Catheter Removal Protocols Research Paper

Indwelling Catheter Removal Protocols - Research Paper Example Evidently, with these types of statistics, UTI infections occur at a much higher rate than perhaps they need to, meaning that the prevention of UTI infections in indwelling catheter payments may be easier than previously thought in some cases. Purpose Statement The purpose of this paper is to explore the nursing implications of catheter removal protocols on in-patient units and how this may lead to a decrease in the total number of UTI infections in hospitals across the country. Nursing Implications Robinson et al (2007) suggest that because of the high number of patients with an indwelling catheter who leave with a fully-developed UTI or at least one symptom of a UTI at discharge, the proper use of indwelling catheters should be a priority for clinical staff who wish to reduce the associated rates of morbidity. It was found that the duration of catheter insertion was also a major risk factor in the development of a UTI, and as such this should be a target for reducing the associated morbidity. Schnieder (2012) found that indwelling catheter usage is also problematic more specifically in hip fracture patients, and considerably increases the associated costs with their hospital stay, as well as the distress for the patient. In these patients especially, morbidity and mortality is extremely high and therefore further complications should be prevented. Overall, this suggests that indwelling catheter usage is problematic on both a general and specific scale and therefore has huge implications for the practice of nursing. One of the suggestions for targeting this type of indwelling catheter usage by much of the research is to implement specific protocol which relates to the use and removal of the catheter. It was suggested by Robinson et al (2007) that three groups of patients do not appear to benefit from indwelling catheter usage; ‘those who cannot communicate their wish to void†¦those who are incontinent†¦those who are hemodynamically stable†¦those who have urinary retention that can be managed by other means’ (p159). Evidently, the best way to reduce the number of UTIs associated with this type of catheter is to avoid giving them to those for whom it is unnecessary, which means that nurses should perhaps be made aware of the alternatives and the reasons why catheter usage may not be suitable for some patients. Schnieder (2012) also highlights the importance of educating nurses in the use and timely removal of indwelling catheters in the prevention of UTIs. This study suggests that using a variety of teaching methods and examinations may be the most appropriate for ensuring that the knowledge is properly received and used in a clinical context. Overall, the results from this suggest ‘positive results’ (p17) which again highlights the importance of nurses in the use and removal of these catheter types. Nurses themselves understand the need for a ‘validated continence assessment tool’ (Din gwall & McLafferty, 2006, p35) for the evaluation and implementation of indwelling catheters and their removal. This means that the clinical staff already has an understanding of the problems associated with indwelling cathete

Therapeutic Recreation Models

Therapeutic Recreation Models Therapeutic Recreation seeks to promote the capacity and ability of groups and individuals to make self determined and responsible choices, in light of their needs to grow, to explore new perspectives and possibilities, and to realise their full potential. Within this assignment I am going to critically compare and evaluate the use of the following models in the Therapeutic Recreation Service: The Leisure Ability Model and the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model. In doing so I will firstly describe the two models in detail and then critically compare and evaluate them both and their use in the therapeutic recreation service. The Leisure Ability Model: Every human being needs, wants, and deserves leisure. Leisure presents opportunities to experience mastery, learn new skills, meet new people, deepen existing relationships, and develop a clearer sense of self. Leisure provides the context in which people can learn, interact, express individualism, and self-actualize (Kelly, 1990). A large number of individuals are constrained from full and satisfying leisure experiences. It then follows that many individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses may experience more frequent, severe, or lasting barriers compared with their non-disabled counterparts, simply due to the presence of disability and/or illness. The Leisure Ability Models underlying basis stems from the concepts of: (a) learned helplessness vs. mastery or self-determination; (b) intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control, and causal attribution; (c) choice; and (d) flow. Learned Helplessness: Learned helplessness is the perception by an individual that events happening in his or her life are beyond his or her personal control, and therefore, the individual stops trying to effect changes or outcomes with his or her life (Seligman, 1975). They will eventually stop wanting to participate in activity or participate in any other way. They will learn that the rules are outside of their control and someone else is in charge of setting the rules. Their ability to take a risk will be diminished and they will learn to be helpless. Learned helplessness may present a psychological barrier to full leisure participation and it may, conversely, be unlearned with the provision of well-designed services. Intrinsic Motivation, Internal Locus of Control, and Causal Attribution: All individuals are intrinsically motivated toward behaviour in which they can experience competence and self-determination. As such, individuals seek experiences of incongruity or challenges in which they can master the situation, reduce the incongruity, and show competence. This process is continual and through skill acquisition and mastery, produces feelings of satisfaction, competence, and control. An internal locus of control implies that the individual has the orientation that he or she is responsible for the behaviour and outcomes he or she produces (Deci, 1975). Typically individuals with an internal locus of control take responsibility for their decisions and the consequences of their decisions, while an individual with an external locus of control will place responsibility, credit, and blame on other individuals. An internal locus of control is important for the individual to feel self-directed or responsible, be motivated to continue to seek challenges, and develop a sense of self-competence. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Attribution implies that an individual believes that he or she can affect a particular outcome (Deci, 1975; Seligman, 1975). An important aspect of the sense of accomplishment, competence, and control is the individuals interpretation of personal contribution to the outcome. Without a sense of personal causation, the likelihood of the individual developing learned helplessness increases greatly. Choice: The Leisure Ability Model also relies heavily on the concept of choice, choice implies that the individual has sufficient skills, knowledge, and attitudes to be able to have options from which to choose, and the skills and desires to make appropriate choices. Lee and Mobily (1988) stated that therapeutic recreation services should build skills and provide participants with options for participation. Flow: When skill level is high and activity challenge is low, the individual is quite likely to be bored. When the skill level is low and the activity challenge is high, the individual is most likely to be anxious. When the skill level and activity challenge are identical or nearly identical, the individual is most able to achieve a state of concentration and energy expenditure that Csikszentmihalyi (1990) has labeled flow. Treatment Services During treatment services, the client generally has less control over the intent of the programs and is dependent on the professional judgment and guidance provided by the specialist. The client experiences less freedom of choice during treatment services than any other category of therapeutic recreation service. The role of the specialist providing treatment services is that of therapist. Within treatment services, the client has minimal control and the therapist has maximum control. The specialist typically designates the clients level and type of involvement, with considerably little input from the client. In order to successfully produce client outcomes, the specialist must be able to assess accurately the clients functional deficits; create, design, and implement specific interventions to improve these deficits; and evaluate the client outcomes achieved from treatment programs. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gifThe ultimate outcome of treatment services is to eliminate, significantly improve, or teach the client to adapt to existing functional limitations that hamper efforts to engage fully in leisure pursuits. Often these functional deficits are to the degree that the client has difficulty learning, developing his or her full potential, interacting with others, or being independent. The aim of treatment services is to reduce these barriers so further learning and involvement by the client can take place. Leisure Education: Leisure education services focus on the client acquiring leisure-related attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Participating successfully in leisure requires a diverse range of skills and abilities, and many clients of therapeutic recreation services do not possess these, have not been able to use them in their leisure time, or need to re-learn them incorporating the effects of their illness and/ or disability. Leisure education services are provided to meet a wide range of client needs related to engaging in a variety of leisure activities and experiences. (Howe, 1989, p. 207). The overall outcome sought through leisure education services is a client who has enough knowledge and skills that an informed and independent choice can be made for his or her future leisure participation. Leisure education means increased freedom of choice, increased locus of control, increased intrinsic motivation, and increased independence for the client. Recreation Participation: http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Recreation participation programs are structured activities that allow the client to practice newly acquired skills, and/or experience enjoyment and self-expression. These programs are provided to allow the client greater freedom of choice within an organized delivery system and may, in fact, be part of the individuals leisure lifestyle. The clients role in recreation participation programs includes greater decision making and increased self-regulated behaviour. The client has increased freedom of choice and his or her motivation is largely intrinsic. In these programs, the specialist is generally no longer teaching or in charge per se. The client becomes largely responsible for his or her own experience and outcome, with the specialist moving to an organizer and/or supervisor role. As Stumbo and Peterson (1998) noted, recreation participation allows the client an opportunity to practice new skills, experience enjoyment, and achieve self-expression. From a clinical perspective, recreation participation does much more. For instance, recreation opportunities provide clients with respite from other, more arduous, therapy services. Leisure education programs may focus on: (a) self-awareness in relation to clients new status; (b) learning social skills such as assertiveness, coping, and friendship making; (c) re-learning or adapting pre-morbid leisure skills; and (d) locating leisure resources appropriate to new interests and that are accessible. Recreation participation programs may involve practicing a variety of new leisure and social skills in a safe, structured environment. In designing and implementing these programs, the specialist builds on opportunities for the individual to exercise control, mastery, intrinsic motivation, and choice. The ultimate outcome would be for each client to be able to adapt to and cope with individual disability to the extent that he or she will experience a satisfying and independent leisure lifestyle, and be able to master skills to achieve flow. Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model: The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model (Austin, 1996, 1997) stipulates that the purpose of therapeutic recreation is to assist persons to recover following threats to health, by helping them to restore themselves or regain stability. (health protection), and secondly, optimising their potentials in order that they may enjoy as high a quality of health as possible (health promotion). Within this model (Austin, 1997, p. 144) states that â€Å"the mission of therapeutic recreation is to use activity, recreation, and leisure to help people to deal with problems that serve as barriers to health and to assist them to grow toward their highest levels of health and wellness The health promotion, health protection model is broken up into four broad concepts which are the humanistic perspective, high level wellness, stabilisation and actualisation and health. Humanistic Perspective: Those who embrace the humanistic perspective believe that each of us has the responsibility for his or her own health and the capacity for making self-directed and wise choices regarding our health. Since individuals are responsible for their own health, it is critical to empower individuals to become involved in decision-making to the fullest extent possible (Austin, 1997). High-Level Wellness: High-level wellness deals with helping persons to achieve as high a level of wellness as they are capable of achieving (Austin, 1997). Therapeutic Recreation professionals have concern for the full range of the illness-wellness continuum (Austin, 1997). http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Stabilization and Actualization Tendencies: The stabilizing tendency is concerned with maintaining the steady state of the individual. It is an adaptation mechanism that helps us keep stress in a manageable range. It protects us from biophysical and psychosocial harm. The stabilizing tendency is the motivational force behind health protection that focuses on efforts to move away from or avoid negatively valence states of illness and injury (Pender, 1996, p. 34). The actualization tendency drives us toward health promotion that focuses on efforts to approach or move toward a positively valence state of high-level health and well-being (Pender, 1996, p. 34). Health: King (1971) and Pender (1996) health encompasses both coping adaptively and growing and becoming. Healthy people can cope with lifes stressors. Those who enjoy optimal health have the opportunity to pursue the highest levels of personal growth and development. Under the Health Protection/Health Promotion Model, therapists* recognize that to help clients strive toward health promotion is the ultimate goal of therapeutic recreation. Further, therapists prize the right of each individual to pursue his or her highest state of well-being, or optimal health. TR practice is therefore based on a philosophy that encourages clients to attempt to achieve maximum health, rather than just recover from illness (Austin, 1997). The Component of Prescriptive Activities: When clients initially encounter illnesses or disorders, often they become self-absorbed. They have a tendency to withdraw from their usual life activities and to experience a loss of control over their lives (Flynn, 1980). Research (e.g., Langer Rodin, 1976; Seligman Maier, 1967) has shown that feelings of lack of control may bring about a sense of helplessness that can ultimately produce severe depression. At times such as this clients are encountering a significant threat to their health and are not prepared to enjoy and benefit from recreation or leisure. For these individuals, activity is a necessary prerequisite to health restoration. Activity is a means for them to begin to gain control over their situation and to overcome feelings of helplessness and depression that regularly accompany loss of control. At this point on the continuum, Therapeutic Recreation professionals provide direction and structure for prescribed activities. Once engaged in activity, clients can begin to perceive themselves as being able to successfully interact with their environments, to start to experience feelings of success and mastery, and to take steps toward regaining a sense of control. Clients come to realise that they are not passive victims but can take action to restore their health. They are then ready to partake in the recreation component of treatment. The Recreation Component: Recreation is activities that take place during leisure time (Kraus. 1971). Client need to take part in intrinsically motivated recreation experiences that produce a sense of mastery and accomplishment within a supportive and nonthreatening atmosphere. Clients have fun as they learn new skills, new behaviors, new ways to interact with others, new philosophies and values, and new cognition about themselves. In short, they learn that they can be successful in their interactions with the world. Through recreation they are able to re-create themselves, thus combating threats to health and restoring stability. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif The Leisure Component: Whereas recreation allows people to restore themselves, leisure is growth promoting. Leisure is a means to self-actualisation because it allows people to have self-determined opportunities to expand themselves by successfully using their abilities to meet challenges. Feelings of accomplishment, confidence and pleasure result from such growth producing experiences. Thus leisure assumes an important role in assisting people to reach their potentials (Iso-Ahola, 1989). Core elements in leisure seem to be that it is freely chosen and intrinsically motivated. The Recreation and Leisure Components: Although recreation and leisure differ in that recreation is an adaptive device that allows us to restore ourselves and leisure is a phenomenon that allows growth, they share commonalities. Both recreation and leisure are free from constraint. Both involve intrinsic motivation and both provide an opportunity for people to experience a tremendous amount of control in their lives. Both permit us to suspend everyday rules and conventions in order to be ourselves and let our hair down. Both allow us to be human with all of our imperfections and frailties. It is the task of the therapeutic recreation professional to maintain an open, supportive, and nonthreatening atmosphere that encourages these positive attributes of recreation and leisure and which help to bring about therapeutic benefit (Austin, 1996). http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif According to Bandura (1986), bolstered efficacy expectations allow clients to have confidence in themselves and in their abilities to succeed in the face of frustration. Thus, clients feel more and more able to be in control of their lives and to meet adversity as they move along the continuum toward higher levels of health. It is the role of the TR professional to help each client assume increasing levels of independence as he or she moves along the illness-wellness continuum. Of course, the client with the greatest dependence on the therapist will be the individual who is in the poorest health. At this point the stabilizing tendency is paramount while the client attempts to ward off the threat to health and to return to his or her usual stable state. At this time the therapist engages the client in prescriptive activities or recreation experiences in order to assist the client with health protection. During prescriptive activities the clients control is the smallest and the therapi sts is the largest. During recreation there is more of a mutual participation by the client and therapist. With the help of the therapist, the client learns to select, and participate in, recreation experiences that promote health improvement. Approximately midway across the continuum, the stabilising tendency reduces and the actualising tendency begins to arise. Leisure begins to emerge as the paramount paradigm. As the actualisation tendency increases, the client becomes less and less dependent on the therapist and more and more responsible for self-determination. The role of the therapist continues to diminish until the client is able to function without the helper. At this point the client can function relatively independently of the TR professional and there is no need for TR service delivery (Austin, 1997). Comparison of the use of the Leisure Ability Model to the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model in Therapeutic Recreation Services: The role of the therapeutic recreation specialist, in order to reverse the consequences of learned helplessness, is to assist the individual in: (a) increasing the sense of personal causation and internal control, (b) increasing intrinsic motivation, (c) increasing the sense of personal choice and alternatives, and (d) achieving the state of optimal experience or flow. In theory, then, therapeutic recreation is provided to affect the total leisure behaviour (leisure lifestyle) of individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses through decreasing learned helplessness, and increasing personal control, intrinsic motivation, and personal choice. This outcome is accomplished through the specific provision of treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation services which teach specific skills, knowledges, and abilities, and take into consideration the matching of client skill and activity challenge. Another strength is the Models flexibility. One level of flexibility is with the three components of service. Each component of service is selected and programmed based on client need. That is, some clients will need treatment and leisure education services, without recreation participation. Other clients will need only leisure education and recreation participation services. Clearly, services are selected based on client need. In addition, programs conceptualized within each service component are selected based on client need. flexibility allow the specialist to custom design programs to fit the needs of every and any client group served by therapeutic recreation. The ultimate goal of leisure lifestyle remains the same for every client, but since it is based on the individual, how the lifestyle will be implemented by the individual and what it contains may differ. As such, the content of the Leisure Ability Model is not specific to any one population or client group, nor is it confined to any specific service or delivery setting. Some authors, including Kinney and Shank (1989), have reported this as a strength of the Model. According to the model, intervention may occur in a wide range of settings and addresses individuals with physical, mental, social, or emotional limitations (Peterson Gunn, p. 4). The intervention model is conceptually divided into three phases along a continuum of client functioning and restrictiveness. The three phases of therapeutic recreation intervention are arranged in a sequence, from greater therapist control to lesser therapist control, and from lesser client independence to greater client independence. This arrangement is purposeful and is meant to convey that the ultimate aim of the appropriate leisure lifestyle is that it be engaged in independently and freely. Summary The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model contains three major components (i.e., prescribed activities, recreation, and leisure) that range along an illness-wellness continuum. According to their needs, clients may enter anywhere along the continuum. The model emphasizes the active role of the client who becomes less and less reliant on the TR professional as he or she moves toward higher levels of health. Initially, direction and structure are provided through prescriptive activities to help activate the client. During recreation, the client and therapist join together in a mutual effort to restore normal functioning. During leisure, the client assumes primary responsibility for his or her own health and well-being. Evaluation of both models and there use in therapeutic recreation services: The overall intended outcome of therapeutic recreation services, as defined by the Leisure Ability Model, is a satisfying, independent, and freely chosen leisure lifestyle. In order to facilitate these perceptions, therapeutic recreation specialists must be able to design, implement, and evaluate a variety of activities that increase the persons individual competence and sense of control. In relation to leisure behaviour, Peterson (1989) felt that this includes improving functional abilities, improving leisure-related attitudes, skills, knowledge, and abilities, and voluntarily engaging in self-directed leisure behaviour. Thus, the three service areas of treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation are designed to teach specific skills to improve personal competence and a sense of accomplishment. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) summed up the importance of these perceptions: In the long run optimal experiences add up to a sense of mastery-or perhaps better, a sense of participation in determining the content of life-that comes as close to what is usually meant by happiness as anything else we can conceivably imagine (p. 4). The therapeutic recreation specialist must be able to adequately assess clients skill level (through client assessment) and activity requirements (through activity analysis) in order for the two to approximate one another. Given Decis (1975) theory of intrinsic motivation which includes the concept of incongruity, therapeutic recreation specialists may provide activities slightly above the skill level of clients in order to increase the sense of mastery. When this match between the activity requirements and client skill levels occurs, clients are most able to learn and experience a higher quality leisure. To facilitate this, therapeutic recreation specialists become responsible for comprehending and incorporating the: (a) theoretical bases (including but not limited to internal locus of control, intrinsic motivation, personal causation, freedom of choice, and flow); (b) typical client characteristics, including needs and deficits; (c) aspects of quality therapeutic recreation program delivery process (e.g., client assessment, activity analysis, outcome evaluation, etc.); and (d) therapeutic recreation content (treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation). These areas of understanding are important for the therapeutic recreation specialist to be able to design a series of coherent, organized programs that meet client needs and move the client further toward an independent and satisfactory leisure lifestyle. Again, the success of that lifestyle is dependent on the client gaining a sense of control and choice over leisure options, and having an orientation toward intrinsic motivation, an internal locus of control, and a personal sense of causality. The Leisure Ability Model provides specific content that can be addressed with clients in order to facilitate their development, maintenance, and expression of a successful leisure lifestyle. Each aspect of this content applies to the future success, independence, and well-being of clients in regard to their leisure. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif The client has reduced major functional limitations that prohibit or significantly limit leisure involvement (or at least has learned ways to overcome these barriers); understands and values the importance of leisure in the totality of life experiences; has adequate social skills for involvement with others; is able to choose between several leisure activity options on a daily basis, and make decisions for leisure participation; is able to locate and use leisure resources as necessary; and has increased perceptions of choice, motivation, freedom, responsibility, causality, and independence with regard to his or her leisure. These outcomes are targeted through the identification of client needs, the provision of programs to meet those needs, and the evaluation of outcomes during and after program delivery. A therapeutic recreation specialist designs, implements, and evaluates services aimed at these outcomes Austin (1989) objected to the Leisure Ability Model on the basis that is supporting a leisure behaviour orientation, instead of the therapy orientation. A number of authors have objected to the Leisure Ability Model, having observed that its all-encompassing approach is too broad and lacks the focus needed to direct a profession (Austin, p. 147). Austin advocated an alignment of therapeutic recreation with allied health and medical science disciplines, rather than leisure and recreation professionals The Model in Practice The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model may be applied in any setting (i.e., clinical or community) in which the goal of therapeutic recreation is holistic health and well-being. Thus, anyone who wishes to improve his or her level of health can become a TR client. TR professionals view all clients as having abilities and intact strengths, as well as possessing intrinsic worth and the potential for change. Through purposeful intervention using the TR process (i.e., assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation), therapeutic outcomes emphasize enhanced client functioning. Typical therapeutic outcomes include increasing personal awareness, improving social skills, enhancing leisure abilities, decreasing stress, improving physical functioning, and developing feelings of positive self-regard, self-efficacy and perceived control (Austin, 1996).

Achieve Success Now Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Achieve Success Now We all want to have a life full of success. Many people assume without question that success is essentially material, that it can be measured in money, prestige, or an abundance of possessions. These can certainly play a role, but having such things is no guarantee of success. The success that we should strive for is the ability to love and have compassion, the capacity to feel joy and spread it to others, the security of knowing that one’s life serves a purpose, and finally, a sense of connection to the power of the universe. All of these are what create the dimensions of success, which will bring inner fulfillment. We as human beings are made of mind, body, and spirit. Of these, spirit is the most important, for it connects us to the source of everything. In other words we can describe it as our conscience. The more clearly that we think, the more we will enjoy the abundance of the universe. Our conscience is broken down into many different layers, the most important being our self-esteem. Our self-esteem is portrayed by our interactions with others. â€Å"Some simple examples of how we should use are self esteem is:  · Always greet people with a smile. As simple as it sounds, a smile establishes your own self-worth and shares it with others.  · Always say â€Å"thank you† when you are praised. A simple thank you is the universal mark of an individual with self-esteem.  · Surround yourself with people who enjoy their work. People with self-esteem seem to radiate it to others.† The second most important layer of the conscience is our attitude. 2â€Å"A positive attitude means everything†. Have you ever noticed when you enter a room with a huge smile on your face, give someone a c... ... right and expand them. In other words we must learn to give a hundred and ten percent and never give up. Remember the first step to success is to think BIG and always believe in yourself in whatever you do. Bibliography: Applegate, Jane. Succeeding In Small Business. New York: Plume, 1992. Boone, Louis E. Boone & Kurt’s Business. Fortworth: Oryden Press, 1995 Davenport, Rita. Making Time, Making Money. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982. Griffen, Ricky W. How To Succeed In The Business World. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1988 Jassinowski, Jerry, and Robert Hamrin. Making It In America. New York: Simon & Schulster, 1995. Pride, William M. Business. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1989. Vesper, Joan, and Vincent Ryan Ruggiero. Contemporary Business Communication. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1993